By PAULINE JELINEK, Associated Press Writer
31 minutes ago
A large Israeli military exercise this month may have been aimed at showing Jerusalem's abilities to attack Iranian nuclear facilities.
In a substantial show of force, Israel sent warplanes and other aircraft on a major exercise in the Eastern Mediterranean early this month, Pentagon officials said Friday.
Israel's military refused to confirm or deny that the maneuvers were practice for a strike in Iran.
Russia's foreign minister Friday warned against the use of force on Iran, saying there is no proof it is trying to build nuclear weapons with a program that Tehran says is for generating power.
U.S. officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak on the sensitive matter for the record.
"They have been conducting some large-scale exercises — they live in a tough neighborhood," one U.S. official said, though he offered no other recent examples.
The big exercise the first week of June was impossible to miss and may have been meant as a show of force as well as a practice on skills needed to execute a long-range strike mission, one U.S. official said.
The New York Times quoted officials Friday as saying that more than 100 Israeli F-16s and F-15s staged the maneuver, flying more than 900 miles, roughly the distance from Israel to Iran's Natanz nuclear enrichment facility, and that the exercise included refueling tankers and helicopters capable of rescuing downed pilots.
"It was noticed that a significant exercise took place — dozens and dozens of aircraft participated," one U.S. officials said Friday. "We watch globally everyday, and this was noted."
A second U.S. defense official said the maneuver could be taken as a demonstration that Israel is serious about the need to challenge Iran's nuclear program — and could be prepared to do so militarily. "That's one of the assessments you could make out of the exercise," the official said.
Asked to comment, the Israeli military issued a statement saying only that the Israeli air force "regularly trains for various missions in order to confront and meet the challenges posed by the threats facing Israel."
Israeli government spokesman Mark Regev offered no comment beyond the military's statement.
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert has said he prefers that Iran's nuclear ambitions be halted by diplomatic means, but has pointedly declined to rule out military action. Bush administration officials have said the same.
In an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel published on Wednesday, Olmert said the current international sanctions against Iran would probably not succeed alone, saying there were "many things that can be done economically, politically, diplomatically and militarily."
Asked if Israel was capable of taking military action against Iran, Olmert said, "Israel always has to be in a position to defend itself against any adversary and against any threat of any kind."
Israeli military analyst Martin Van Creveld of Jerusalem's Hebrew University said military preparations for a possible attack are indeed under way.
"Israel has been talking about this possibility for a long time, that it would not take an Iranian nuclear weapon lying down. And it has been practicing the operation or operations for a long time," he said.
But though an Israeli strike would likely be able to "paralyze the most important Iranian nuclear installations," it probably wouldn't be able to destroy the program entirely, Van Creveld said. "I would be very surprised if Israel can really knock out every part of this program, which by all accounts appears to be large and well concealed and well dispersed," he said.
There are precedents for unilateral Israeli action in such cases. In 1981, Israeli jets bombed Iraq's Osirak nuclear facility to end dictator Saddam Hussein's nuclear program. And last September Israel bombed a facility in Syria that U.S. officials have said was a nuclear reactor being constructed with North Korean assistance.
A U.S. intelligence report released late last year concluded that Iran has suspended its nuclear weapons program, but Israeli intelligence believes that assessment is incorrect and that work is continuing.
Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said Iran should be engaged in dialogue and encouraged to cooperate with the U.N. nuclear monitoring agency.
Lavrov made the statement when asked to comment on an Israeli Cabinet member's statement earlier this month that Israel could attack Iran if it does not halt its nuclear program.
"I hope the actual actions would be based on international law," Lavrov said. "And international law clearly protects Iran's and anyone else's territorial integrity."
___
Associated Press reporter Matti Friedman contributed to this report from Jerusalem and Vladimir Isachenkov contributed from Moscow.
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Friday, June 20, 2008
Israel shows abilities for Iran strike
Cindy McCain denounces 'terrible' Myanmar leaders,シンディMcCainはミャンマーのひどいリーダーを公然と非難する
Associated Press
HANOI, Vietnam — Cindy McCain harshly criticized Myanmar's military junta yesterday while vowing to make improving human rights there a priority if she becomes America's next first lady.
ハノイ、ベトナム-シンディMcCainは粗くMyanmar'を批判した; 彼女が最初女性アメリカの次になれば人権のそこに改善を作ることを誓っている間優先順位昨日sの軍の会議。
Taking a cue from current first lady Laura Bush, who has also been a sharp critic of human rights abuses in Myanmar, the wife of presumed Republican presidential nominee John McCain said Myanmar leaders don't value human life.
からの手掛りをまた取ってずっとミャンマーの人権侵害のある鋭い評論家である流れの最初女性ローラブッシュの、推定された共和党大統領被任命者ジョンMcCainの妻はミャンマーのリーダーdon'を言った; tの価値人命。
"It's just a terrible group of people that rule the country, and the frightening part is that their own people are dying of disease and starvation and everything else and it doesn't matter," Cindy McCain said during a trip to Vietnam, where she has worked with a charity that helps children born with facial deformities. "I don't understand how human life doesn't matter to somebody. But clearly, it doesn't matter to them."
" それはちょうど国を支配する、驚くべき部分は、"彼らの自身の人々が病気で死ぬことであり、飢餓および他のすべておよび重要ではないことであるひどい集団であり; CindyMaccainは彼女が顔の醜状と耐えられる子供を助ける慈善を使用したベトナムに旅行の間に言った。 " 私は人命が誰かにいかに重要ではないか理解しない。 しかしはっきりそれらに重要ではない。
She was traveling in Asia this week to showcase her charity work and get a close-up look at relief efforts helping victims of last month's devastating cyclone in Myanmar.
彼女はアジアでこの週彼女の慈善の仕事を展示し、ミャンマーの先月の破壊的なサイクロンの犠牲者を助ける救助活動でクローズアップの一見を得るために旅していた。
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Burmese Endure in Spite of Junta, Aid Workers Say ,ビルマ語は会議にもかかわらず耐えると、援助の労働者は言う
Kyi Kyi Aye, 51, pumped water late last month from one of the few remaining wells in her town near Yangon, Myanmar, after a cyclone devastated the country.
By THE NEW YORK TIMES
Published: June 18, 2008
KyiKyiAye、51のヤンゴン、国荒廃しているサイクロンの後のミャンマーの近くの彼女の町の少数の残りの井戸の1つからのポンプでくまれた水先月終わり頃。
By THE NEW YORK TIMES
Published: June 18, 2008
ニューヨーク・タイムズ著出版される: 2008年6月18日
YANGON, Myanmar — More than six weeks have passed since Cyclone Nargis swept through the Irrawaddy Delta in southern Myanmar, leaving a trail of flattened villages and broken lives and arousing international sympathy that turned to anguish as the military government obstructed foreign aid.
6週以上平らにされた村および壊れた生命の道を去り、軍事政権が対外援助を妨げたと同時に苦悩に回った国際的な共鳴を覚醒させる南ミャンマーのIrrawaddyのデルタを掃除されるサイクロンNargis以来通っていた。
Now doctors and aid workers returning from remote areas of the delta are offering a less pessimistic picture of the human cost of the delay in reaching survivors.
今度は医者およびデルタの遠隔地域から戻っている援助の労働者は生存者に達することの遅れの人間の費用のより少なく悲観的な映像を提供している。
They say they have seen no signs of starvation or widespread outbreaks of disease. While it is estimated that the cyclone may have killed 130,000 people, the number of lives lost specifically because of the junta’s slow response to the disaster appears to have been smaller than expected.
彼らは言う飢餓の印か病気の広まった発生を見なかったことを。 サイクロンは130,000人を殺すかもしれないと推定されている間、災害への会議の遅い応答のためにとりわけ失われる生命の数は予想以上に小さいようである。
Relief workers here continue to criticize the government’s secretive posture and obsession with security, its restrictions on foreign aid experts and the weeks of dawdling that left bloated bodies befouling waterways and survivors marooned with little food. But the specific character of the cyclone, the hardiness of villagers and aid from private citizens helped prevent further death and sickness, aid workers say.
ここの救援スタッフは政府の秘密主義の姿勢を批判し続け、対外援助の専門家の保証、制限およびその時を空費することの週の固定観念は少し食糧を置き去りにされた水路および生存者を汚す膨れさせたボディに残した。 しかしサイクロンの特定の特性、村民のhardinessおよびそれ以上の死および病気の援助の労働者を防ぐのを助けられる一般市民からの援助は言う。
Most of the people killed by the cyclone, which struck on May 2-3, drowned. But those who survived were not likely to need urgent medical attention, doctors say.
5月2-3日に打ったサイクロンによって殺された人々のほとんどは浸った。 緊急な治療、医者を必要とするためにしかし存続した人は本当らしくなかった言いなさい。
“We saw very, very few serious injuries,” said Frank Smithuis, manager of the substantial mission of Doctors Without Borders in Myanmar. “You were dead or you were in O.K. shape.”
「私達は非常に見た、非常に少数の深刻な傷害」、フランクSmithuis、ミャンマーの博士Without Bordersの相当な代表団のマネージャーを言った。 「死んでいたまたは良い形にあった」。
The cyclone swept away bamboo huts throughout the delta; in the hardest-hit villages, it left almost no trace of habitation. Some survivors carried away by floods found themselves many miles from home when the waters receded.
サイクロンはデルタ中のタケ小屋を掃除した; では村、それに残した住居のほとんど跡を堅当ってはいけない。 何人かの生存者は洪水多くのマイルによって水が退いたときに見つけた彼ら自身を家からの運び去った。
But those who survived were not likely to be injured in the aftermath by falling rocks or collapsing buildings, as often happens during natural disasters, like the earthquake in China.
しかし存続した人は中国の地震のような自然災害の間に本当らしくなかった頻繁にように起こる、落ちる石か倒れる建物によって余波で傷つくために。
That appears to be the primary reason villagers were able to stay alive for weeks without aid. As they waited, the survivors, most of whom were fishermen and farmers, lived off of coconuts, rotten rice and fish.
それは援助なしで週の間生きているとどまれた主な理由の村民のようである。 それらが待っていたので、生存者は、殆んどココナッツ、腐った米および魚の住まれていた漁師および農夫だった。
“The Burmese people are used to getting nothing,” said Shari Villarosa, the highest-ranking United States diplomat in Myanmar, formerly Burma. “I’m not getting the sense that there have been a lot of deaths as a result of the delay.”
「ビルマの人々何も得ないことに」、は使用されるShari Villarosa、ミャンマー、以前ビルマの米国の高級外交官を言った。 「私は多くの死が遅れの結果として」。ずっとあるという感覚を得ていない
The United States has accused the military government of “criminal neglect” in its handling of the disaster caused by the cyclone. Privately, many aid workers have, too. The junta, widely disliked among Myanmar’s citizens, did not have the means to lead a sustained relief campaign, they say.
米国はサイクロンによって引き起こされる災害の処理の「刑事無視」の軍事政権を訴えた。 個人的に、多くの援助の労働者は、余りに持っている。 広くミャンマーの市民間で嫌われていた会議に、支えられた救助のキャンペーンを導く手段がなかったと言う。
But relief workers say the debate over access for foreigners and the refusal of the government to allow in military helicopters and ships from the United States, France and Britain overshadowed a substantial relief operation carried out mainly by Burmese citizens and monks.
しかし救援スタッフは外国人のためのアクセスについての討論および米国、フランスおよび英本国からの軍のヘリコプターそして船で許すべき政府の拒否がビルマの市民および修道士が主に遂行した相当な救援活動を曇らせたことを言う。
They organized convoys of trucks filled with drinking water, clothing, food and construction materials that poured into the delta.
彼らは飲料水、衣類、食糧およびデルタに注いだ建築材で満ちていたトラックの護送を組織した。
“It’s been overwhelmingly impressive what local organizations, medical groups and some businessmen have done,” said Ruth Bradley Jones, second secretary in the British Embassy in Yangon, Myanmar’s largest city. “They are the true heroes of the relief effort.”
「それはずっとどんなローカル組織か圧倒的に印象的、メディカルグループおよびあるビジネスマンはした」、言った、ルースブラッドリージョーンズをヤンゴンのミャンマーで大都市のイギリス大使館の二等書記官である。 「彼らはである救助活動の本当の英雄」。
Aid workers emphasize that of the estimated 2.4 million Burmese strongly affected by the storm, thousands remain vulnerable to sickness and many are still without adequate food, shelter and supplies.
援助の労働者は強く嵐、たくさんによって影響される推定2.4百万人のビルマ人のそれを残る病気に傷つきやすく強調し、多数は十分な食糧なしにまだあったり、および供給保護する。
But their ailments are — for now — minor. Medical logs from Doctors Without Borders show that of the 30,000 people the group’s workers treated in the six weeks after the cyclone, most had flesh wounds, diarrhea or respiratory infections. The latter two afflictions are common in rural Southeast Asia even in normal times. Diarrhea can be especially dangerous for infants and young children, but doctors say that, while they have treated thousands of cases, the illness has not reached critical levels.
しかし疾患は-今のところ-未成年者である。 博士Without Bordersからの医学の丸太は30,000人のグループの労働者がサイクロン、ほとんどの持たれていた軽傷、下痢または呼吸の伝染の後の6週に扱ったことを示す。 後の2つの難儀は標準時間の田園東南アジアで共通である。 たくさんの箱を扱ったが下痢は幼児および幼児のために特に危ない場合もあるが、病気はクリチカル・レベルに達しなかったと医者は言う。
“I can’t say it was an outbreak,” said May Myad Win, a general practitioner who works for Doctors Without Borders and spent 25 days in the delta treating an average of 25 patients a day. “It was not as severe as we feared.”
「私はそれが発生」、だったことを言うことができない5月Myadの勝利、博士Without Bordersのために25日25人の患者の日平均を扱うデルタの使われて働く一般医師を言い。 「それは私達が」。恐れていた程に厳しくなかった
The number of people in need of serious medical aid was judged to be low enough that officials at a British medical group canceled plans to bring in a team of surgeons in the days after the storm, said Paula Sansom, the manager of the emergency response team for the group, Merlin.
深刻な医療補助を必要とする人数は十分に低くイギリスのメディカルグループの役人が嵐の後の日の外科医のチームを加えるには計画を取り消したことであると言ったポーラSansom、グループ、マーリンのための緊急状態応答のチームのマネージャーを判断された。
For several weeks after the disaster, the government prevented all but a small number of foreigners from entering the delta. Now a more comprehensive picture of the damage is being assembled by a team of 250 officials led by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The officials plan to release their findings next week.
災害の後の数週のために、政府は少数の外国人を除いてすべてがデルタを書き入れることを防いだ。 今度は損傷の広範囲映像は東南アジアの国家の連合によって導かれる250人の役人のチームによって組み立てられている。 役人は来週彼らの調査結果を解放することを計画する
The number of people killed in the storm may never be known. The government has not updated its toll since May 16, when it said 77,738 people were killed and 55,917 were missing.
嵐で殺される人数は決して知られているかもしれない。 政府は77,738人は殺され、55,917は行方不明だったことを言ったときに、5月16日以来の通行料を更新しなかった。
In a country that has not had a full census in decades, it is not even certain how many people had been living in the area before the storm. Itinerants who worked in the salt marshes and shrimp farms were probably not counted among the dead, aid workers say.
十年に完全な人口調査がなかった国では何人人々がずっと嵐の前に区域に住んでいたか、それは確かではない。 塩性湿地で働き、エビが死者間で農場おそらく数えられなかったItinerants、援助の労働者は言う。
But it is clear that in many villages, women and children died in disproportionate numbers, said Osamu Kunii, chief of the health and nutrition section of Unicef in Myanmar.
しかし多くの村で、女性および子供が不釣り合いな数で死んだことは明確、言ったOsamu Kuniiのミャンマーのユニセフの健康そして栄養物セクションの責任者をである。
“Only people who could endure the tidal surge and high winds could survive,” Mr. Kunii said. In one village of 700, all children under the age of 7 died, he said.
人々だけ「潮サージに耐えることができ、強風が存続できる」Kunii氏言った。 700の1つの村では、死ぬ7の年齢の下のすべての子供彼は言った。
With only minimal food supplies in villages, aid workers say, delta residents will require aid until at least the end of the year. The United Nations, after weeks of haggling with Myanmar’s government for permission to provide assistance, is now using 10 helicopters to deliver supplies to hard-to-reach places and alerting relief experts at the earliest sign of disease outbreaks.
村の最低の食糧補給だけによって、援助の労働者は言う、デルタの居住者は年の少なくとも終わりまでの援助を要求する。 援助を提供する許可のためのミャンマーの政府と値切ることの週後の国際連合は、病気の発生の最も早い印で今供給をに提供するのに10のヘリコプターを堅に達する場所および救助の専門家の警告に使用している。
Still, the military government continues to make it difficult for aid agencies to operate.
まだ、軍事政権は援助機関が作動することを困難にし続ける。
Last week, the government issued a directive that accused foreign aid agencies and the United Nations of having “deviated from the normal procedures.” The government imposed an extra layer of approvals for travel into the delta, effectively requiring that all foreigners be accompanied by government officials.
先週、政府は対外援助代理店を訴え、「持っていることの国際連合が正常なプロシージャから」。逸脱させた指令を出した 政府はデルタに効果的にすべての外国人に国家公務員が同伴するように要求する旅行のための承認の余分層を、課した。
“They’re changing the goal posts,” said Chris Kaye, the director of operations in Myanmar for the United Nations World Food Program. “We have a whole set of new procedures.”
「それらは目的のポストを」、変えているクリスKayeを国際連合の世界食糧計画のためのミャンマーの操作のディレクター言った。 「私達は有する全一組の新しいプロシージャを」。
Myanmar’s government says it issued 815 visas for foreign aid workers and medical personnel in the month after the cyclone. But some aid workers were never allowed in, including the disaster response team from the United States Agency for International Development.
ミャンマーの政府はそれがサイクロンの後の月の対外援助の労働者そして医学の人員のための815の査証を出したことを言う。 しかし国際開発のための米国代理店からの事故対応策チームを含んで何人かの援助の労働者が決して、割り当てられなかった。
Local news media reported over the weekend that the government planned to build 500 cyclone shelters in the delta. These structures are used in neighboring Bangladesh, which has a relatively widespread early warning system.
ローカルマスコミは週末にわたって政府がデルタで500のサイクロンの避難所を造ることを計画したことを報告した。 これらの構造は比較的広まった早期警報システムがある近隣のバングラデシュで使用される。
When Cyclone Sidr struck Bangladesh in November, the winds reached an intensity similar to the 155-mile-an-hour gusts that blew through the Irrawaddy Delta last month.
サイクロンSidrが11月のバングラデシュを打ったときに、風はIrrawaddyのデルタによって先月吹いた155マイル時間の突風と同じような強度に達した。
Tellingly, the number of people killed by Cyclone Sidr — about 3,500 — was a small fraction of those killed in last month’s cyclone here.
Tellingly、Cyclone Sidr -約3,500殺された人数は-によってわずか先月のサイクロンでここに殺されたそれらだった。
Wednesday, June 18, 2008
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
Cyclone Brought Something More to Myanmar,サイクロンはミャンマーに何かをもっと持って来た
ZE08061502 - 2008-06-15
Permalink: http://www.zenit.org/article-22907?l=english
Archbishop Tells of Nation's New "Common Religion"
大主教は国家の新しい共通の宗教について言う。
YANGON, Myanmar, JUNE 15, 2008 (Zenit.org).- May's cyclone devastated Myanmar and aid restrictions
from the ruling junta worsened the chaos. But in the midst of it all, compassion became the nation's "common
religion," said the archbishop of Yangon.
ヤンゴン、ミャンマー、2008年6月15日(Zenit.org)。- 5月のサイクロンはミャンマーおよび援助の制限を荒廃させた支配から会議は無秩序を悪化させた。 しかし全部の真っ只中に、同情はnation'になった; sの" 共通の宗教、" ヤンゴンの大主教を言った。
In a statement Friday, Archbishop Charles Bo gave an inside look at the good news in Myanmar. "[Cyclone]
Nargis taught us all," he said, "that human tears have no color, no religion, and no tribe."
声明金曜日では、Charles Bo大主教はミャンマーのよいニュースで内部の一見を与えた。 " [サイクロン] Nargisは私達をすべての"教えた; 彼は、"言った; その人間破損に色、宗教、tribe."がない;
"As the waters raged in [a] pre dominantly Christian village, the monks from the nearby monastery were on
the noble mission of saving people," the 59-year-old prelate wrote. "A monk swam across the currents to pull
out a woman who was about to be dragged by the marauding river. In far off Phyapon, where the Christian
group Karuna was distributing aid to the survivors, they chose Buddhist monks as their partners in distributing
aid to non-Christian villages."
" 水が[a]前に支配的にキリスト教の村で激怒したと同時に、近く修道院からの修道士はセービングの人々、"の気高い代表団にあった; 59歳の高位聖職者は書いた。 " 修道士は流れを渡って襲撃の川によって引張られることを約あった女性を引き出すために泳いだ。 ずっとPhyaponでは、クリスチャン Karunaが生存者に援助を、それら配っていたグループは非キリスト教villages."に僧侶をと同時に分配の援助の彼らのパートナー選んだ;
"All religious groups were made victims by the cyclone," Archbishop Bo said. "In Aima, in the Pathein
Diocese, Father Andrew Soe Win offered his life as a supreme sacrifice in trying to reach his marooned
people. His body was found after 18 days.
" すべての宗教団体はサイクロン、"によって犠牲者になされた; 大主教Boは言った。 " Aimaでは、Patheinの主教管区で、父アンドリューSoe Winは置き去りにされた彼の達することを試みることの最高犠牲として彼の生命を提供した人々。 彼の体は18日後に見つけられた。
"But nothing deterred them from the sacred duty of saving lives. In the predominately Buddhist Country,
where Metta and Karuna -- mercy and compassion -- are the major tenets of a great religion, compassion
broke forth like a healing stream after the demonic deluge."
" しかし何もセービングの生命の神聖な義務からそれらを躊躇させなかった。 predominately仏教の国では、MettaおよびKaruna -- 慈悲および同情 -- 大きい宗教、同情の主要な主義は悪魔的なdeluge."の後で治療の流れのように壊れたある;
Stripped naked, but clothed
除去されたが露出した、着せられる
The prelate mentioned how it was churches and monasteries that became shelters. And how needs and
generosity crossed religious boundaries.
避難所になった修道院およびのは教会いかにだったか述べられる高位聖職者。 そして必要性および寛大さが宗教境界を交差させたかいかに。
He explained: "With death and mayhem threatening them in their villages, thousands took refuge in sacred
spaces, seeking [...] mutual consolation. Even before the government could move in, or the do-gooders and
NGOs could move in, spontaneous charity sprang forth with Buddhists feeding Christians and Christians
feeding Buddhists.
彼は説明した: " 村のそれらを脅していて死および身体傷害がたくさんは[...]の相互安らぎを追求する神聖なスペースに避難した。 政府が動くことができるかまたは空想的な社会改良家およびNGOsが動くことができる前でさえも自発の慈善は仏教徒に与えているクリスチャンおよびクリスチャンに与えている仏教徒とはねた。
"In Bogalay, the Hindu temple opened its portals to feed the multitude. In the ravished streets of Yangon,
Muslim merchants were distributing food to the starving masses. More poignant was the response of many
poor and lower-middle class people. They collected whatever they had and every weekend they treaded in aid
convoy to far off Labutta. Nargis stripped naked a nation with violence, but people of all faiths are clothing it
now with compassion."
" Bogalayでは、ヒンズー教の寺院は多数に与えるために入口を開けた。 ヤンゴンの夢中にされた通りでは、イスラム教商人は飢えた固まりに食糧を配っていた。 より心に訴えた多くの貧しく、下位中流のクラスの人々の応答は。 彼らはあり、あらゆる週末をLabuttaを離れて援助の護送でにずっと踏んだものは何でも集めた。 Nargisは露出した暴力の国家を除去したが、すべての信頼の人々は今衣類compassion."とのそれである;
Archbishop Bo mentioned the Catholic contribution as well: "Many young men and women volunteered to go
to the risky villages, strewn with the dead bodies of people and animals.
大主教Boはカトリック教の貢献をまた述べた: " 多くの若者および女性は人々および動物の死体とばらまかれた危険な村に行くことを自ら申し出た。
Cyclone Brought Something More to Myanmar 1
サイクロンはミャンマーに何かをもっと持って来た 1
ZENIT
Thursday, June 12, 2008
In Burma, A Crime for Civil Society to Provide Relief?
In Burma, A Crime for Civil Society to Provide Relief?
By Marwaan Macan-Markar, IPS News
Posted on June 10, 2008, Printed on June 11, 2008
http://www.alternet.org/story/87558/
BANGKOK, Jun 9 (IPS) - The detention of a prominent comedian in Burma points to an ominous turn of events in the military-ruled country. It has reportedly become a 'crime' for individuals and civil society groups to provide emergency relief to the hundreds of thousands of cyclone victims.
The bald, bespectacled Maung Thura -- or Zargarnar, as he is widely know -- led one such group of unsung heroes, who began raising funds and supplying aid to those who survived the powerful cyclone that lashed the Irrawaddy Delta and the Rangoon Division on May 3. His group was comprised of writers, artists, actors and comedians, among others.
"We started our [volunteer] emergency relief work on May 7, and we are still working," the 47-year-old said in an interview published in The Irrawaddy, a current affairs magazine run by Burmese journalists exiled in Thailand. "There are 420 volunteers in our group," he said.
"At the beginning, we took risks [to provide aid], and we had to move forward on our own. Sometimes we had confrontations with the authorities," Zargarnar said, explaining the challenges placed by the notoriously oppressive Burmese regime in the post-disaster relief effort. "For example, they asked us why we were going on our own without consulting them and wanted us to negotiate with them. They said they couldn't guarantee our lives."
But last week, Zargarnar's role as a good samaritan came to an end when the police took him from his home in Rangoon, the former capital, for a still-to- be-verified period of detention. The police also seized his computer files that contained images of the cyclone victims and the relief efforts.
Zargarnar has been detained and jailed before, beginning in 1988, when he spoke in support of university students agitating for change to a military dictatorship that had been in place since a 1962 coup. In August that year, the junta crushed a peaceful, pro-democracy uprising, killing over 3,000 activists. Zargarnar was jailed for one year soon after.
The last time he was arrested by the police was in Sep. 2007. The 'crime' he was detained for then was delivering food and water to some of the thousands of Buddhist monks who had marched through the streets of Rangoon in protests against rising food prices and the junta's oppression.
"What Zargarnar's arrest has shown is that the SPDC [State Peace and Development Council] is not happy with the network of civil society groups that responded promptly to the cyclone," says David Scott Mathieson, Burma consultant for Human Rights Watch. "[The junta] wants to contain the civil society response and take all the credit for the relief effort."
Zargarnar has been one of the many prominent artists, writers and entertainers who have led the relief effort, consequently revealing "the government's poor response," he added in an interview. "The effort Zargarnar led shows Burmese civil society trying to chart an independent course away from the regime, which only represents itself, and selected business elite."
The tireless work by ordinary Burmese citizens to help the cyclone survivors was witnessed by members of international humanitarian agencies who have flown into the South-east Asian nation since the disaster. "I saw lots of groups helping people to rebuild their homes. There were also businessmen who had come to the delta to help, but feared that they could be arrested for providing relief," said Dean Hirsch, president of World Vision International, a Christian charity that has worked for years in Burma.
Hirsch, who just returned to Bangkok after a brief visit to the cyclone- devastated areas, also praised the efforts of another group that has been in the forefront offering comfort and relief to the survivors -- the monks in the predominantly Buddhist country. "There was a great response by the monks. I was impressed with the connections they had in the communities to get relief goods to the delta," he told IPS. "They were able to access areas where the government and INGOs (international non-governmental organizations) could not reach."
In fact, one famous Burmese monk who has come to symbolise this aid drive is Sitagu Sayadaw Nya Nissara, head of a highly respected monastery in the Sagaing Division in central Burma, the seat of Burmese Buddhism. He led relief teams to the Bogale Township -- one of the worst hit areas -- soon after the cyclone, which has killed between 130,000 to possibly 300,000 people, and affected between 2.5 million to 5.5 million people.
"He has been the most prominent monk to help the victims. The monks have played a very significant role, beginning with the opening up of the temples in the delta to offer refuge for the victims," says Win Min, a Burmese national security expert teaching in a university in northern Thailand. "The temples were the strongest buildings in the area, so they remained standing. Ordinary people who wanted to help came with their relief goods to the temples for distribution."
"This has certainly brought the monks and people closer," he added during an interview. "The monks have won the hearts of the people."
And there is no surprise why. The junta not only failed to use its state machinery to help the victims, but the scale of the country's worst natural disaster, affecting over 80,000 square km, was beyond its capacity. Moreover, the regime continued to place bureaucratic roadblocks in the way of international relief efforts, resulting in over one million people still having to get basic relief.
The bond between the monks and the people is one the regime fears. The regime's brutal crackdown of last September's peaceful pro-democracy protests -- led by thousands of robed monks -- reveals the discomfort. Since then, the junta has turned the heat on any moves to strengthen a beleaguered people's increasing dependence on the clergy for help and hope.
A report last week by Amnesty International pointed to the junta's strategy, since the cyclone, to break the growing dependency cyclone victims have on the clergy. Hundreds of cyclone victims who had found shelter in four monasteries in Bogale were evicted by the regime, revealed the global rights lobby.
"The SPDC doesn't want monks to have close connections with the people," says Win Min. "This bond will be seen as a threat to the military regime."
© 2008 IPS News All rights reserved.
View this story online at: http://www.alternet.org/story/87558/
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Email Campaign to UN Secretary-General FW: UN Must Act Wednesday, 11 June, 2008 01:26
.jpg)
Email Campaign to UN Secretary-General FW: UN Must Act Wednesday, 11 June, 2008 01:26
Please click below and send an email to the UN Secretary-General.
http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/1189/t/5102/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=24872
Dear Friends,
It has been over a month since Cyclone Nargis
slammed into Burma, leaving millions without food,
shelter, and clean water. Than Shwe's dictatorship
has continued to not only block much aid from
reaching those in need, but has forcibly evicted
survivors from temporary shelters, extorted forced
labor in exchange for food aid, and harassed and
arrested Burmese who try to help their fellow
people.
At the same time, the regime has continued its
campaign of ethnic cleansing in eastern Burma. In
May and June, more villages have been attacked
and destroyed.
The United Nations cannot continue to stand by and watch this happen. The UN Secretary-General
has the authority to bring any matter to the attention of the Security Council that he believes is an
important issue of international security.
Please email UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and call on him to ask the UN Security Council to
pass an immediate resolution on Burma.
Millions are at risk because of the regime's criminal actions against its own people. If the regime is
allowed to continue, more people will die.
Aung Din, Jeremy Woodrum, Jennifer Quigley, and Thelma Young
============ ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= =========
========= ========= ========= ========= ===
More Background and Facts
While millions are in desperate need of aid after cyclone Naris, the Burmese regime's army is
continuing to attack and burn ethnic minority villages, displacing many people in eastern Burma. Last
week, the army destroyed more villages in eastern Burma as part of its campaign to ethnically
cleanse Burma of its ethnic minorities. Regime troops fire mortars at the villages, destroy farms,
burn and/or loot homes, lay landmines, attack civilians and drive them out. To learn more about the
crisis in eastern Burma - go here.
One Month After: Neglect, Detention and Destruction Continue
Email the UN Secretary General Today
[jacjapan] Email Campaign to UN Secretary-General FW: UN Must Act - Yahoo! Mail 2/3 ページ
http://aa.mc571.mail.yahoo.com/mc/showMessage?fid=Inbox&sort=date&order=down&st... 6/11/2008
__,_._,___
__._,_.___
Frustratingly, the situation in the cyclone-stricken areas of Burma remains deplorable, more than a
month after Cyclone Nargis hit. The UN estimates that 2.4 million people are in need of food, shelter
and medical care, and more than a million have yet to receive ANY official foreign aid. Even though
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon visited Burma more than 2 weeks ago, and was assured that
foreign aid workers would be allowed to help, many are still denied access to devastated areas. Than
Shwe does not want foreigners to see that they are forcibly evicting cyclone survivors from
temporary shelters, forcing them back home to their destroyed homes and demanding forced labor in
exchange for food aid. Meanwhile, victims are struggling to survive any way they can.
Moreover, the regime is arresting those who try to help. Zarganar, one of Burma's leading comedians
and actors, who has been tirelessly working to bring aid to those in need, was arrested on June 4th.
He gave many interviews with foreign media about the needs of the people and worked to arrange
massive delivery of aid to the worst hit areas.
We cannot let Burma continue to suffer under a wave of global acquiescence to Burma's military
dictator. Please send an email today to Ban Ki-moon today
Further reading:
Free Burma Rangers: Burma Army Attacking and Displacing over 1,000 Karen People
Human Rights Watch: Burma: Stop Forced Evacuations
Amnesty: Human Rights Concerns a Month after Cyclone Nargis
Support 1991 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Aung San Suu Kyi and the struggle for freedom and democracy in Burma.
Become a member of the United States Campaign for Burma today.
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[jacjapan] Email Campaign to UN Secretary-General FW: UN Must Act - Yahoo! Mail 3/3 ページ
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Monday, June 9, 2008
YouTube - Help Burma cyclone
YouTube - Help Burma cyclone
ဒီယူက်ဳဓါတ္ပုံစလုိက္ရိွဳးနဲ ့ေနာက္ခံအသံကိုဖန္တီးသူကေတာ့ ရွစ္ေလးလုံးေမးဂရုထဲကအြန္လိုင္းရဲေဘာ္တဦးျဖစ္တဲ့ ကိုတင့္ေဌးျဖစ္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား။
ေလးစားစြာျဖင့္-
ဘုန္းလိွဳင္
Sunday, June 8, 2008
WFP Executive Director visits Cyclone Nargis victims; Calls for greater support,WFPの常務取締役はサイクロンのNargisの犠牲者を訪問する; より大きいサポートのための呼出し
Rome, 1 June 2008 - The Executive Director of the World Food Programme, Josette Sheeran,completed a visit to cyclone-hit Myanmar this weekend with a call for robust support to WFP’s growing relief operation
ローマ、2008年6月1日- 世界食糧計画の常務取締役,Josette Sheeran,訪問をこの週末サイクロン当るWFPの成長する救援活動にミャンマーに強いサポートのための呼出しを用いる完了した .
“What we need is a seamless global lifeline of relief supplies,” said Josette Sheeran, WFP’s Executive Director, the first UN agency head to visit Myanmar following the cyclone. “Progress has been made, but urgent work remains on the critical last leg.”
私達が必要とするものは救助の供給の継ぎ目が無く全体的な命綱」、Josette Sheeranを言った常務取締役、サイクロンに続くミャンマーを訪問する最初の国連機関の頭部、WFPのである。 「進歩は重大な最後の区間で、緊急な仕事の残物なされた.
On Saturday, Sheeran met with the leader of the new Tripartite Core Group (TCG), Deputy Foreign Minister Kyaw Thu, ahead of the group’s first meeting this weekend. The TCG has been established to coordinate the Cyclone Nargis relief and recovery effort.
土曜日で、Sheeranは新しい三つに分かれたコアグループ(TCG)のリーダーと、KyawThuグループの最初の会議に先んじる代理外相、この週末会った。 TCGはサイクロンのNargisの救助および回復努力を調整するために確立された.
During her meeting with the head of the TCG, Sheeran expressed her gratitude for the swift granting of visas to international staff, and urged that the bureaucracy which is delaying deployments into the delta be lifted.
TCGの頭部との彼女の会合の間に、Sheeranは国際的なスタッフに査証の速い許可のための彼女の感謝を表現し、デルタに配置を遅らせている官僚主義が持ち上がるせき立てた.
Sheeran said WFP needed the support of the Myanmar authorities in continuing to open up the delta to humanitarian workers and logistical assets. She said that while access for international staff had improved, government procedures for clearing the deployment of aid workers remained a constraining factor, reducing effectiveness.
SheeranはWFPが人道主義の労働者および記号論理学の資産ことをにデルタを開発し続けることでミャンマーの権限のサポートを必要としたことを言った。 彼女は国際的なスタッフのためのアクセスが改良する間、援助の労働者の配置を取り除く為の政府の手順は有効性を減らす強いる要因に残ったと言った。
WFP staff in the delta area consistently report that cyclone victims ask for food as their first priority. WFP has managed to dispatch enough food to provide 575,000 people with a first ration of rice, but many people have not been reached, and others are now due a second round of distributions. WFP is currently targeting 663,000 people with food assistance in the worst affected parts of the delta.
サイクロンの犠牲者が彼らの最優先として食糧を頼む一貫してデルタ区域のレポートのWFPのスタッフ。 WFPは米の最初の配給量を575,000人に与えるために十分な食糧を急派することをどうにかしてが多くの人々は達されないし、今では他は配分の第2円形賦課金である。 WFPは現在デルタの最も悪い影響を受けた部分の食糧援助の663,000人を目標としている。
Sheeran also stressed to authorities the importance of allowing recently deployed helicopters to operate with greater freedom into and within the affected areas. She said her meetings with the TCG were positive in advancing the helicopter operation protocol.
Sheeranはまた権限に最近配置されたヘリコプターが影響を受けた区域にそしての内でより大きい自由と作動するようにする重要性に重点を置いた。 彼女はTCGの彼女の会合がヘリコプター操作の議定書のことを前進で肯定的だったことを言った
During her two-day visit to the country, Sheeran saw the extensive suffering caused by the cylone’s damage in and around Yangon, and heard “stories of great hope and inspiration”. She was encouraged by the start of a new WFP project in Yangon which provides cash to 200,000 people severely affected by the cyclone. With markets functioning well in the country’s main city, WFP is working with four international NGO partners to provide about 50 US cents per person/per day for a four-week period. The cash handout project, which started last Friday, is based on the cost of a typical WFP food basket in the local market.
国への彼女の2日間の訪問の間に、Sheeranはヤンゴンでそしてのまわりでcyloneの損傷によって引き起こされた広範な苦労を見大きい希望およびインスピレーションの物語を聞いた。 彼女はひどくサイクロンによって影響される200,000人に現金を提供するヤンゴンの新しいWFPのプロジェクトの開始によって励まされた。 国主要な都市でよく作用していて4週間の期間の間一人につき約50の米国のセントをまたは1日提供するために市場がWFPはあたりに4人の国際的なNGOパートナーと働いている。 最後の金曜日始まった現金ハンドアウトのプロジェクトはローカル市場の典型的なWFPの食糧バスケットの費用に基づいている。
“WFP is committed to being resourceful and finding better ways to reach a large number of people who are struggling to put their lives back together. This project allows us to focus our food delivery efforts on the delta, where most food stocks have been destroyed and markets are not functioning properly,” she said.
彼女は言った、WFPは機略に冨むおよび多数の人々に達する彼らの生命を戻すために一緒に努力しているよりよい方法を見つけることに努力している。 このプロジェクトは私達がほとんどの備蓄食糧が破壊された市場がきちんと作用していないデルタに私達の食糧配達努力を焦点を合わせることを可能にし。
Sheeran urged for continued support to assist hundreds of thousands of cyclone victims. WFP’s US$70-million operation to deliver food assistance to the victims of Cyclone Nargis faces a 64 percent shortfall, while the crucial logistics operation, which supports the efforts of the entire humanitarian community, is falling short by US$32 million. Sheeranは継続的だったサポートが数十万人のサイクロンの犠牲者を助けることができるようにせき立てた。 サイクロンNargisの犠牲者に食糧援助を提供するWFP US$70-million操作は全体の人道主義のコミュニティの努力を支える重大な兵站学操作はUS$32百万によって欠けているが、64%不足に直面する。
WFP has six boats and barges running supplies into and around the delta, as well as a fleet of smaller boats shuttling supplies to more remote communities. A fleet of trucks is running into the affected area from Yangon, and supplies are moving into the country by air.
WFPに遠隔コミュニティに供給を往復する小さなボートの多量、またデルタにそしてのまわりで供給を、動かす6台のボートおよびはしけがある。 トラックの多量はヤンゴンから影響を受けた区域に動いて、供給は空気によって国に動いている。
“There is so much work to be done which requires sustained support by the international community. With current contributions, we will run out of food by mid-July,” Sheeran said.
「そんなにされるべき国際地域社会によって支えられたサポートを要求する仕事がある。 現在の貢献によって、私達は7月中旬によって食糧を使い果たすと」、Sheeranは言った。
Donors to WFP’s food assistance operation in Myanmar include the European Commission (US$7.8 million), UN CERF (US$5 million), United States (US$3.4 million), Germany (US$1.56 million), Switzerland (US$963,000), Australia (US$877,000), Italy (US$779,000), Spain (US$779,000), Private donors (US$606,000), Greece (US$200,000) and Luxembourg (US$195,000). The logistics operation has received support from United Kingdom (US$9.9 million), UN CERF (US$4.2 million), Canada (US$2 million), Denmark (US$1.35 million) and Norway (US$972,000).
ミャンマーのWFPの食糧援助操作への提供者はEC委員会(US$7.8百万)、国連CERF (US$5百万)、米国(US$3.4百万)、ドイツ(US$1.56百万)、スイス連邦共和国(US$963,000)、オーストラリア(US$877,000)、イタリア(US$779,000)、スペイン(US$779,000)、私用提供者(US$606,000)、ギリシャ(US$200,000)およびルクセンブルク(US$195,000)を含んでいる。 兵站学操作はイギリス(US$9.9百万)、国連CERF (US$4.2百万)、カナダ(US$2百万)、デンマーク(US$1.35百万)およびノルウェー(US$972,000)からサポートを受け取った。
Saturday, June 7, 2008
Cruelty and silence in Burma,ビルマの残酷そして沈黙
June 6, 2008
MORE THAN a million victims of the May 2 cyclone in Burma are still without food, water, shelter, and medicine. Yet the ruling junta refused 15 requests to let the USS Essex and three support ships in the Bay of Bengal deliver aid to uprooted villagers. Finally, tragically, the four ships steamed away from Burma on Thursday, along with 22 helicopters and four amphibious landing craft that are ideally suited to bring relief supplies directly to stranded survivors. "Should the Burmese rulers have a change of heart and request our full assistance for their suffering people," Admiral Timothy Keating said, "we are prepared to help."
ビルマの5月2日のサイクロンの百万人の犠牲者より多くは食糧、水、避難所および薬なしにまだある。 けれども支配する会議はベンガル湾のUSS Essexそして3つの支援艦が根こそぎにされた村民に援助を提供するようにする15の要求を断った。 最後に、悲劇的に、4隻の船は座礁させた生存者に救助の供給を直接持って来るために理想的に適する4水陸両用着陸飛行機および22のヘリコプターと共に木曜日のビルマから、蒸気を発した。 " もしビルマの定規に方向転換があれば、苦しむ人々のために私達の完全な援助を要求するために、" Timothy Keating海軍大将は、"言った; 私達はhelp."に準備される;
Keating and his 5,000 sailors were eager to take on a mission of mercy, one that the American public would be sure to support and all of Asia would appreciate. What the admiral has learned - and what the rest of the world has witnessed in the past five weeks - is that the Burmese generals who deny life-saving succor to their people can have no change of heart. They are heartless.
アメリカの公衆が支えて確実であり、アジアすべてが認めることKeatingおよび彼の5,000人の船員は慈悲、1の代表団で取って熱望していた。 何海軍大将が学んだその他の国々が過去の5週に目撃したものを-および-否定するビルマ大将が彼らの人々への人命救助の援助方向転換を有することができないことである。 彼らは不人情である
This is the gist of a report this week from Amnesty International decrying the junta's forcible evictions of cyclone survivors from schools and monasteries where they had taken shelter. It is the basic message of a United Nations report lamenting "a serious lack of sufficient and sustained humanitarian assistance for the affected populations."
これはレポートの要点junta'をけなしているアムネスティ・インターナショナルからのこの週である; それらが避難所を取った学校および修道院からのサイクロンの生存者のsの強制的な追立て。 それは"を嘆き悲しむ国際連合のレポートの基本的なメッセージである; 影響を受けたpopulations."のための十分な、支えられた人道的支援の深刻な欠乏;
The crucial lesson of these alarms is that today a million people in Burma are endangered not by the vagaries of nature but by the cruelty of a military dictatorship. In other words, the cause of all that unnecessary suffering is political. Nobody should know this better than the other nine countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Yet ASEAN officials speak blithely about issuing a report on relief and recovery - at a meeting more than two weeks from now. Enough dithering. ASEAN should use its influence to push the junta to stop letting Burma's people die.
これらの警報の重大なレッスンは今日ビルマの百万人が性質の気まぐれによって軍の独裁制の残酷によってない危険にさらされることである。 すなわち、不必要な苦労が政治であるすべての原因。 だれも東南アジアの国家の連合の他の9ヶ国よりこのよい知らないべきである。 けれどもASEAN役人は-会合で…救助および回復のレポートを2週以上今後出すことについて楽しそうに話す。 十分に震える。 ASEANはビルマの人々を許可することを止めるように死ぬ会議を押すのに影響を使用するべきである
Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma)
Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma)
Report of the Commission of Inquiry
appointed under article 26 of the Constitution of the
International Labour Organization to examine
the observance by Myanmar of the
Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
Geneva, 2 July 1998
Contents
Part I. Establishment of the Commission
1. Filing of the complaint and appointment of the Commission
(1) Filing of the complaint
(2) Provisions of the Constitution of the International Labour Organization relating to complaints concerning non-observance of ratified Conventions
(3) Summary of the measures taken by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office following the filing of the complaint and establishment of the Commission
Part II. Procedure followed by the Commission
2. First Session of the Commission
(1) Solemn declaration made by the members of the Commission
(2) Adoption of the procedure to be followed by the Commission
(3) Communication of additional information
(4) Measures adopted with a view to the Second Session and the subsequent work of the Commission
3. Communications received by the Commission following its First Session
(1) Communications received from the parties
(a) Communications from the complainants
(b) Communications from the Government of Myanmar
(2) Communications received from other sources
(a) Communications from member States under article 27 of the ILO Constitution
(b) Communications from intergovernmental organizations
(c) Communications from non-governmental organizations
(d) Communications from companies mentioned in the complaint
4. Second Session of the Commission
(1) Hearing of witnesses
(2) Communications received by the Commission following its Second Session
(a) Communication from the Government of Myanmar
(b) Communications from non-governmental organizations
(c) Communications from a company named in the complaint
5. Visit by the Commission to the region
(1) Procedure followed by the Commission
(2) Persons and witnesses interviewed
(a) India
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Thailand
6. Third Session of the Commission
Part III. Allegations by the parties and historical background of the case
7. Summary of the complaint and the Government's observations
(1) Factual allegations submitted by the complainants
(2) Legal conclusions submitted by the complainants
(3) The Government's observations
(a) Public purposes or public sector
(i) Portering
(ii) Construction of development and infrastructure projects by the Government
(iii) Hotel industries in Myanmar
(b) Private benefit or private sector
(i) Construction of the Yadana natural gas pipeline
(c) The law
(d) Conclusion
8. Historical background
A. Earlier reports and statements by the Government of Burma/Myanmar on the application of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), comments and representation by industrial organizations, and observations, findings and requests by ILO supervisory bodies
(1) Reports under article 22 of the ILO Constitution and statements to the International Labour Conference (ILC) presented by the Government, 1960 to 1992, and corresponding comments
(2) 1993 representation under article 24 of the ILO Constitution
(a) Allegations made by the complainant organization
(b) The Government's observations as to the facts
(c) The Government's observations concerning the Convention
(d) The Committee's conclusions and recommendations, approved by the Governing Body of the ILO
(3) Subsequent developments up to the lodging of the complaint under article of the ILO Constitution (June 1996)
B. Examination by United Nations bodies of the human rights situation in Myanmar (particularly with respect to forced labour)
(1) General Assembly
(2) Commission on Human Rights and Special Rapporteurs on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
(3) Secretary-General
(4) Other United Nations bodies
Part IV. Examination of the case by the Commission
9. Context of general international law and requirements of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
A. General international law, including slavery, forced labour and other slavery-like practices
B. Requirements of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
(1) Measures called for under Articles 1(1) and 25 of the Convention
(2) Definition of forced or compulsory labour and scope of exceptions
(a) Compulsory military service
(b) Normal civic obligations
(c) Prison labour
(d) Emergencies
(e) Minor communal service
(3) Present status of Article 1, paragraph 2, and Articles 4 et seq. of the Convention
10. Brief description of Myanmar
(1) General presentation
(2) Historical background
(3) Administrative structure
(4) Opposition forces
11. Legislation of Myanmar relevant to the case
(1) Requisition of labour under the Village Act and Towns Act and subsequent orders and directives
(2) Restrictions on the freedom of movement and citizenship
(3) Compulsory military service and forced conscription
(4) Sanctions for illegally imposing forced or compulsory labour
12. Findings of the Commission concerning the facts
A. Admissibility and probative value of testimonial evidence and documentary material
B. General pattern of conduct by Myanmar authorities
C. Thematic analysis of the forms of labour and services requisitioned by certain authorities
(1) Portering
(a) Documentary material
(b) Oral testimony
(2) Military camp work
(a) Documentary material
(b) Oral testimony
(3) Other work in support of the military
(a) Documentary material
(b) Oral testimony
(4) Forced recruitment
(a) Documentary material
(b) Oral testimony
(5) Work on agriculture, logging, and other production projects
(a) Information provided to the Commission
(b) Oral testimony
(6) Construction and maintenance of roads, railways and bridges
(a) Documentary material
(b) Oral testimony
(7) Other infrastructure work
(a) Documentary material
(b) Oral testimony
(8) General work
(a) Nature and condition of work
(b) Specific examples from documentary material and oral testimony
13. Findings as to compliance with the Convention
A. National laws and statutory or administrative standard-setting instruments, considered in the light of the Convention
(1) Provisions of the Village Act and the Towns Act and subsequent orders and directives dealing with the requisition of labour
(a) Applicability of the definition of forced labour
(b) Non-applicability of exceptions defined in Article 2(2) of the Convention
(c) Expiration of the transitional period
(d) Role of secret directives and payment of wages
(2) Legislation on citizenship and other instruments bearing on the freedom of movement
(3) Legislation on compulsory military service
(4) Sanctions for illegally imposing forced or compulsory labour
B. National practice considered in the light of the Convention
(1) Requisition of labour
(2) Requisition of labour for various purposes, considered in the light of the exceptions in Article 2(2)(a), (b), (d) and (e) of the Convention
(a) Portering
(b) Military camp work and other work in support of the military
(c) Forced conscription
(d) Work on agriculture, logging and other production projects
(e) Construction and maintenance of roads, railways and bridges
(f) Other infrastructure work
(g) General work
(3) Requisition of labour, considered in the light of the prohibitions in Article 4 et seq. of the Convention
(a) Residual relevance of Article 4 et seq. of the Convention
(b) Violation of specific prohibitions
(i) Imposition of forced or compulsory labour for private benefit
(ii) Exaction of forced or compulsory labour from women, children, elderly people and disabled persons
(iii) Denial of remuneration and compensation
(iv) Compulsory cultivation
(4) Punishment of the illegal exaction of forced or compulsory labour
Part V. Conclusions and recommendations
14. Conclusions and recommendations
(1) Preliminary questions
(2) Terms of reference of the Commission
(3) Conclusions on the substance of the case
(4) Recommendations
(5) Concluding observations
Appendices
Supplementary evidence submitted by the complainants in October 1996
Observation of the Myanmar Government on the initial complaint and supplementary evidence made by 25 Worker delegates to the 83rd Session of the International Labour Conference under article 26 of the ILO Constitution
Rules for the hearing of witnesses
List of documents received by the Commission following its First Session
List of documents received by the Commission following its Second Session
List of documents received in the course of the hearings
Summaries of testimony
List of documents received in the course of the visit to the region
Maps of Myanmar
Names, foreign terms and acronyms
Samples of orders received by the Commission
Order by the Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) on the subject of "Prohibiting unpaid labour contributions in national development projects" dated 2 June 1995
The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
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Part I
Establishment of the Commission
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1. Filing of the complaint and appointment of the Commission
(1) Filing of the complaint
1. By a letter dated 20 June 1996 addressed to the Director-General of the ILO, 25 Workers' delegates to the 83rd Session of the International Labour Conference (June 1996)(1) presented a complaint under article 26 of the Constitution against the Government of Myanmar for non-observance of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), which it ratified on 4 March 1955 and which came into force for Myanmar on 4 March 1956. The complaint stated, in particular, that:
Myanmar's gross violations of the Convention [No. 29] have been criticized by the ILO's supervisory bodies for 30 years. In 1995, and again in 1996, they have been the subject of special paragraphs in the reports of the Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, and this year, the Government has also been singled out by the Committee for its "continued failure to implement" the Convention.
In addition, in November 1994, the Governing Body adopted the report of the Committee it had established to examine the representation made by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions [ICFTU] against the Government of Myanmar for its failure to ensure effective observance of Convention No. 29.
The Government has demonstrated its unwillingness to act upon the repeated calls addressed to it by the ILO's supervisory bodies to abolish and cancel legislation which allows for the use of forced labour and to ensure that forced labour is eliminated in practice. In these circumstances, the Committee on Applications has again expressed deep concern at the systematic recourse to forced labour in Myanmar.
Despite its protestations that the powers available under the offending legislation, the Village Act (1908) and the Towns Act (1907), have fallen into disuse since 1967 and that these laws are currently under review with a view to their repeal, the Government has failed conspicuously to provide the information requested of it concerning concrete action for legislative change.
Indeed, it is clear that the practice of forced labour is becoming more widespread and that the authorities in Myanmar are directly responsible for its increasing use, and actively involved in its exploitation.
The ICFTU representation presented under article 24 of the Constitution in January 1993 addressed the particular case of the forced recruitment and abuse of porters by the military which was, at that time, the primary cause of concern.
Since then, however, forced labour is being used systematically, on an ever larger scale, and in an increasing number of areas of activity. Large numbers of forced labourers are now working on railway, road, construction, and other infrastructure projects, many of which are related to the Government's efforts to promote tourism in Myanmar. In addition the military is engaged in the confiscation of land from villagers who are then forced to cultivate it to the benefit of the military appropriators.
The current situation is that the Government of Myanmar, far from acting to end the practice of forced labour, is engaged actively in its promotion, so that it is today an endemic abuse affecting hundreds of thousands of workers who are subjected to the most extreme forms of exploitation, which all too frequently leads to loss of life.
2. Supplementary evidence was submitted to the ILO in the name of the complainants by a letter dated 31 October 1996 and is appended to the present report.(2)
(2) Provisions of the Constitution of the
International Labour Organization relating
to complaints concerning non-observance
of ratified Conventions
3. The procedure under which the Workers' delegates filed their complaint against the Government of Myanmar is set out in articles 26 to 29 and 31 to 34 of the ILO Constitution, which read as follows:
Article 26
1. Any of the Members shall have the right to file a complaint with the International Labour Office if it is not satisfied that any other Member is securing the effective observance of any Convention which both have ratified in accordance with the foregoing articles.
2. The Governing Body may, if it thinks fit, before referring such a complaint to a Commission of Inquiry, as hereinafter provided for, communicate with the government in question in the manner described in article 24.
3. If the Governing Body does not think it necessary to communicate the complaint to the government in question, or if, when it has made such communication, no statement in reply has been received within a reasonable time which the Governing Body considers to be satisfactory, the Governing Body may appoint a Commission of Inquiry to consider the complaint and to report thereon.
4. The Governing Body may adopt the same procedure either of its own motion or on receipt of a complaint from a delegate to the Conference.
5. When any matter arising out of article 25 or 26 is being considered by the Governing Body, the government in question shall, if not already represented thereon, be entitled to send a representative to take part in the proceedings of the Governing Body while the matter is under consideration. Adequate notice of the date on which the matter will be considered shall be given to the government in question.
Article 27
The Members agree that, in the event of the reference of a complaint to a Commission of Inquiry under article 26, they will each, whether directly concerned in the complaint or not, place at the disposal of the Commission all the information in their possession which bears upon the subject-matter of the complaint.
Article 28
When the Commission of Inquiry has fully considered the complaint, it shall prepare a report embodying its findings on all questions of fact relevant to determining the issue between the parties and containing such recommendations as it may think proper as to the steps which should be taken to meet the complaint and the time within which they should be taken.
Article 29
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate the report of the Commission of Inquiry to the Governing Body and to each of the governments concerned in the complaint, and shall cause it to be published.
2. Each of these governments shall within three months inform the Director-General of the International Labour Office whether or not it accepts the recommendations contained in the report of the Commission; and if not, whether it proposes to refer the complaint to the International Court of Justice.
Article 31
The decision of the International Court of Justice in regard to a complaint or matter which has been referred to it in pursuance of article 29 shall be final.
Article 32
The International Court of Justice may affirm, vary or reverse any of the findings or recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry, if any.
Article 33
In the event of any Member failing to carry out within the time specified the recommendations, if any, contained in the report of the Commission of Inquiry, or in the decision of the International Court of Justice, as the case may be, the Governing Body may recommend to the Conference such action as it may deem wise and expedient to secure compliance therewith.
Article 34
The defaulting government may at any time inform the Governing Body that it has taken the steps necessary to comply with the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry or with those in the decision of the International Court of Justice, as the case may be, and may request it to constitute a Commission of Inquiry to verify its contention. In this case the provisions of articles 27, 28, 29, 31 and 32 shall apply, and if the report of the Commission of Inquiry or the decision of the International Court of Justice is in favour of the defaulting government, the Governing Body shall forthwith recommend the discontinuance of any action taken in pursuance of article 33.
(3) Summary of the measures taken by the
Governing Body of the International Labour
Office following the filing of the complaint
and establishment of the Commission
4. At its 267th Session (November 1996), the Governing Body had before it a report by its Officers (GB.267/16/2) concerning the subject of the complaint. The report recalled, inter alia, the dates of ratification and entering into force of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) (hereinafter "Convention No. 29") for Myanmar. It also pointed out that the 25 complainants were, on the date of filing the complaint, Workers' delegates of their countries to the 83rd Session of the International Labour Conference. Accordingly, they had the right to file a complaint under article 26, paragraph 4, of the Constitution, if they were not satisfied that the Government of Myanmar was securing the effective observance of Convention No. 29. In addition, the report indicated the following:
No discussion on the merits of the complaint is admissible at the present stage. It would indeed be inconsistent with the judicial nature of the procedure provided for in article 26 and the following articles of the Constitution that there should be any discussion in the Governing Body on the merits of a complaint until the Governing Body has before it the contentions of the government against which the complaint is filed, together with an objective evaluation of these contentions by an impartial body. Nor would such discussion be appropriate while a proposal to refer the complaint to a Commission of Inquiry is pending before the Governing Body or while the complaint is sub judice before a Commission of Inquiry. If there is to be a Commission of Inquiry -- which it is for the Governing Body to decide under article 26, paragraph 4, of the Constitution -- it is when the Commission of Inquiry has reported on the merits of the complaint that the Governing Body may be called upon to take action in the matter.
5. At the same session, the Governing Body took the following decisions:
(a) The Government of Myanmar should be requested by the Director-General to communicate its observations on the complaint so as to reach him not later than 31 January 1997.
(b) In accordance with article 26, paragraph 5, of the Constitution, the Governing Body should invite the Government of Myanmar to send a representative to take part in the proceedings of the Governing Body concerning this matter at its future sessions. When so inviting the Government of Myanmar, the Director-General should inform it that the Governing Body intended to continue its discussion of this case at its 268th Session, which was to take place in Geneva in March 1997.
6. In a letter dated 23 December 1996, the Director-General informed the Government of Myanmar of the decisions mentioned above.
7. By a letter dated 5 February 1997, the Permanent Mission of the Union of Myanmar in Geneva transmitted the observations of the Government of Myanmar on the complaint and the further supplementary evidence submitted. The document (without its confidential annexes) is appended to the present report (Appendix II).
8. At its 268th Session (March 1997), the Governing Body had before it another report of its Officers (GB.268/15/1) which noted that:
Contradictions exist between the facts presented in the allegations and those set out in the observations of the Government of Myanmar. It would, however, not be appropriate to enter into a discussion of the substance if it is envisaged to set up a Commission of Inquiry under article 26, paragraph 4, of the Constitution in order to make an objective assessment of the situation. As was pointed out in the report of the Officers of the Governing Body at the latter's 267th Session, it would be incompatible with the judicial nature of the procedure thus instituted to open up such a discussion before the Commission of Inquiry submits its conclusions.In light of the foregoing, the Governing Body decided that the whole matter should be referred, without further discussion, to a Commission of Inquiry set up in accordance with article 26 of the Constitution. The Governing Body recalled that the members of the Commission would be nominated in accordance with the same criteria, and would serve in the same conditions, as the members of commissions previously appointed under article 26 of the Constitution. They would serve as individuals in their personal capacity, would be chosen for their impartiality, integrity and standing. They would undertake by solemn declaration, similar to that made by judges of the International Court of Justice, to carry out their tasks and exercise their powers as members of the Commission "honourably, faithfully, impartially and conscientiously". The Governing Body added that the Commission was to establish its own procedure in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
9. At the same session, the Governing Body decided that the Commission be composed as follows, as proposed by the Director-General (GB.268/14/8):
Chairperson: The Right Honourable Sir William DOUGLAS, PC, KCMG (Barbados), former Ambassador; former Chief Justice of Barbados; former Chairman, Commonwealth Caribbean Council of Legal Education; former Chairman, Inter-American Juridical Committee; former Judge of the High Court of Jamaica; Chairperson of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
Members: Mr. Prafullachandra Natvarlal BHAGWATI (India), former Chief Justice of India; former Chief Justice of the High Court of Gujarat; former Chairman, Legal Aid Committee and Judicial Reforms Committee, Government of Gujarat; former Chairman, Committee on Juridicare, Government of India; former Chairman of the Committee appointed by the Government of India for implementing legal aid schemes in the country; member of the International Committee on Human Rights of the International Law Association; member of the Editorial Committee of Reports of the Commonwealth; Chairman of the National Committee for Social and Economic Welfare of the Government of India; Ombudsman for the national newspaper Times of India; Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Centre for Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Geneva; Vice-President of El Taller; Chairman of the Panel for Social Audit of Telecom and Postal Services in India; member of the United Nations Human Rights Committee; member of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
Ms. Robyn A. LAYTON, QC (Australia), Barrister-at-Law; Director, National Rail Corporation; former Commissioner on Health Insurance Commission; former Chairperson of the Australian Health Ethics Committee of the National Health and Medical Research Council; former Honorary Solicitor for the South Australian Council for Civil Liberties; former Solicitor for the Central Aboriginal Land Council; former Chairman of the South Australian Sex Discrimination Board; former Judge and Deputy President of the South Australian Industrial Court and Commission; former Deputy President of the Federal Administrative Appeals Tribunal; member of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.
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1. The Workers' delegates were: Messrs. E. About-Risk (Lebanon), C. Agyei (Ghana), K. Ahmed (Pakistan), M. Blondel (France), W. Brett (United Kingdom) and U. Edström (Sweden), Ms. U. Engelen-Kefer (Germany), Messrs. R. Falbr (Czech Republic), C. Gray (United States), S. Itoh (Japan), Y. Kara (Israel), A. Lettieri (Italy), I. Mayaki (Niger), S. Mookherjee (India), B.P. Mpangala (United Republic of Tanzania) and J.-C. Parrot (Canada), Ms. P. O'Donovan (Ireland) and Messrs. F. Ramirez Leon (Venezuela), Z. Rampak (Malaysia), I. Sahbani (Tunisia), A. Sanchez Madariaga (Mexico), G. Sibanda (Zimbabwe), L. Sombes (Cameroon), L. Trotman (Barbados) and T. Wojcik (Poland).
2. Appendix I.
Updated by VC. Approved by RH. Last update: 26 January 2000.
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Friday, June 6, 2008
AI report onHuman rights concerns a month after Cyclone Nargis, 人権のアムネスティ・インターナショナルのレポートはサイクロンNargisの後の月にかかわる
AMNESTY INTERNATIONA
アムネスティ・インターナショナル
Myanmar Briefing-ミャンマー報告
Human rights concerns a month afterCyclone Nargis
人権はサイクロンNargisの後の月にかかわる
Introduction-導入
On 2 and 3 May 2008, Cyclone Nargis devastated much of southern Myanmar,especially the densely populated Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) delta and areas close to the country’s most populous city, Yangon (formerly Rangoon). Tens of thousands ofpeople were killed and hundreds of thousands lost their homes and livelihoods. Yet Myanmar’s government, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), refused to acknowledge the scope of the disaster and provided little assistance to the estimated 2.4 million survivors of the cyclone. Furthermore, for three weeks, the SPDC rejected international assistance and blocked access to the Ayeyarwady delta at the time when survivors most needed food, shelter, and access to medicine. Instead, a week after the cyclone, as victims were still struggling to survive, the SPDC diverted crucial resources away from disaster relief toward holding a rubber stamp referendum to approve a new and deeply flawed constitution.1 By deliberately blocking lifesustaining aid, the SPDC violated the right of hundreds of thousands of people to life, food, and health, and created a massive human rights disaster on top of the
humanitarian crisis.
2 5月3日で2008年のサイクロンNargis南ミャンマーの多くを荒廃させた、国の最も人口稠密な都市、ヤンゴン(以前ラングーン)の近くの特にAyeyarwady密に住まれた(Irrawaddy)デルタそして区域。 数万人の人々は殺され、数十万は彼らの家および暮しを失った。 けれどもミャンマーの政府、サイクロンの推定2.4百万人の生存者に災害の規模をおよび少し援助認めるために断られる州の平和および開発議会(SPDC)。 なお、3週間、SPDCは国際的な援助を拒絶し、Ayeyarwadyのデルタへのアクセスを時生存者薬へのほとんどの必要な食糧、避難所およびアクセス妨げた。 その代り、犠牲者としてサイクロンの後の週は、まだ新しいの承認するためにゴム印の国民投票を行うことの方に、災害救助からのSPDCによって転換された重大な資源存続するために努力して、慎重にlifesustaining援助を妨げることによる深く傷が付いたconstitution.1は生命に、SPDC数十万人の人々の権利に違反した、食糧および健康、および大きい人権の災害の上に作成されて人道主義の危機。
On 23 May, the SPDC finally agreed to allow international assistance inresponse to tremendous international pressure. Since then, the SPDC has granted at least 45 international UN staff visas, and allowed a small number of additional
international nongovernmental aid workers to visit the worst-affected areas of the Ayeyarwady delta. These steps are welcome but do not provide sufficient assistance to the huge population of displaced and homeless survivors. Tens of thousands of people continue to face the risk of death, disease, and malnutrition. On 4 June, the World Food Program (WFP) described access to the delta as “an ongoing challenge” at a UN press conference in Bangkok. Moreover, the onset of the rainy season in the delta brings increased flooding, making access to the region and the distribution of
assistance even more difficult.
5月23日に、SPDCは最終的に国際的な援助を可能にすることに同意した途方もない国際的な圧力への応答。 それ以来、SPDCは少なくとも45の国際的な国連スタッフの査証を与え、少数の付加的な国際的な非政府の援助に労働者がAyeyarwadyのデルタの最も一番被害が大きい区域を訪問することを可能にした。 これらのステップは歓迎であるが、転置されたホームレスの生存者の巨大な人口に十分な援助を提供しない。 数万人の人々は死、病気および栄養不良の危険に直面し続ける。 6月4日に、世界食糧計画(WFP)はバンコクで国連記者会見で「進行中の挑戦」としてデルタへのアクセスを記述した。 さらに、デルタの雨期の手始めは高められたあふれることを持って来、地域へのアクセスおよび困難な配分をさらにもっと援助のする。
1 The 10 May referendum was postponed to 24 May in the 47 worst-hit townships. For more information on Myanmar’s flawed new constitution, seeMyanmar: Constitutional referendum flouts human rights, 9 May 2008.
1つは5月の10日国民投票47の最も被害が最も大きい町区の5月24日延期された。 ミャンマーの台なしにされた新しい憲法のより多くの情報のために、ミャンマーを見なさい: 体質性の国民投票は人権5月9日2008年を軽視する
Since declaring the end of the rescue and relief phase of the cyclone Nargis response on 20 May 2008 the SPDC has ordered increasing numbers of victims to eturn to their villages while still traumatised and with no food, shelter or other aid to help them once they return. Amnesty International’s ongoing research suggests that since that time, the SPDC has stepped up its campaign to force homeless cyclone survivors out of government and unofficial resettlement sites and back to their original villages, even though many villages remain uninhabitable. Government officials also
have continued to block or divert aid meant for the worst-hit areas, notwithstanding pledges by the SPDC’s senior leadership to the contrary.
サイクロンNargisの救助そして救助段階の終わりの宣言以来 5月20日に応答は2008日SPDC犠牲者の増加する数をに発注した戻ればそれらを助けるためにまだ衝撃を与えられる間村へのそして食糧、避難所または他の援助無しのリターン。 アムネスティ・インターナショナルの進行中の研究はその時間以来、ホームレスのサイクロンを強制するためにSPDCがキャンペーンに力を入れたことを提案する多くの村が住むことができなく残るのに、政府および非公式な再定住場所からのそして元の村に戻る生存者。 国家公務員はまたSPDCの年長のリーダーシップによって帖当にもかかわらず最も被害が最も大きい区域のために、反対に意味される援助を妨げるか、または転換し続けた.
The SPDC’s disregard for its own population is not new. The humanitarian crisis in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, exacerbated by the SPDC’s initial intransigence, is occurring in the context of ongoing, grave and longstanding human rights violations. On 2 June Louise Arbour, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, said in her final address to the Human Rights Council: “In the case of Myanmar, the obstruction to the deployment of such assistance illustrates the invidious effects of long-standing international tolerance for human rights violations that made such obstruction possible.” The SPDC currently holds at least 1,850 political prisoners in poor conditions, while nearly all key political activists remain behind bars or in hiding. The government systematically and routinely harasses and detains its critics. On 27 May, the detention order of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the SPDC’s most prominent critic, was renewed. She enters the sixth consecutive year of her current house arrest. For over two years in eastern Myanmar, the army has waged a continuous offensive in which ethnic Karen civilians are targeted for killings, torture, forced labour and forcible displacement.
自身の人口のためのSPDCの無視は新しくない。 人道主義者 SPDCの頭文字によって悪化させるサイクロンNargisの影響で危機固執は進行中、重要なおよび長年の人権の違反という点において、起こっている。 6月の2日ルイーズアーバー、人間のための国連高等弁務官権利は人権議会に彼女の最終アドレスで、言った: 「ミャンマーの場合には、そのような援助の配置への妨害は説明するそのような妨害を可能に」。した人権の違反のための長年の国際的な許容の不当な効果 SPDCは現在少なくとも1,850を保持するほぼすべては政治運動家を調整するが悪い条件の政治犯は棒の後ろにまたは隠れることに、残る。 組織的の政府は定期的に評論家を悩ませ、引き留め。 5月27日に、Daw Aung San Suu Kyi、SPDCの最も顕著な評論家の延滞の順序は、更新された。 彼女は彼女の現在の自宅軟禁の第6連続した年に入る。 東のミャンマーの2年以上、軍隊はカレンの民族の一般市民が殺害、苦悶、強制労働および強制的な変位のために目標とされる連続的な抗勢を行った。
Myanmar’s appalling human rights record is not the backdrop to the cyclone aftermath, but is squarely at the centre of it. Therefore, respect for human rights must be at the centre of the relief effort. International human rights norms and
principles provide safeguards to ensure the security and dignity of survivors, as well as the protection, assistance, and reintegration of displaced people and other vulnerable groups such as women, children, and ethnic minorities. Human rights principles should also guide the reconstruction, rehabilitation, and resettlement efforts.
ミャンマーの愕然とする人権記録はサイクロンへ背景幕ではない余波はそれの中心に、しかし方形にある。 従って、人権の尊重は救助活動の中心であるなる。 国際的な人権の標準および主義は女性、子供および少数民族のような転置された人々そして他の傷つきやすいグループの保護、援助および再統合と同様、生存者の保証そして威厳を、保障するために安全装置を提供する。 人権の主義また復元、リハビリテーションおよび再定住努力を導くべきである。
Amnesty International is aware of the enormous challenges facing any government after a disaster on this scale, but the organization believes that it is imperative to ensure that security, order, and restoration of public services are not
achieved at the expense of human rights. Delivery of aid has now started on a massive scale, but there are insufficient mechanisms to ensure effective distribution. It is imperative that the SPDC immediately ensures that its officials, including at the local level, do not obstruct aid, and urgently addresses shortcomings in accountability. The donor community should address the broader human rights and governance issues inthe efforts to save lives in the Ayeyarwady delta.
アムネスティ・インターナショナルは公共事業の保証、順序および復帰はないことを保障することは命令的であることをこのスケールの災害、構成が信じたが後政府に直面する巨大な挑戦に気づいている人権を犠牲にして達成される。 援助の配達は大きいスケールで今始まってしまったが、有効な配分を保障する不十分なメカニズムがある。 ローカルレベルに含んでいる役人が援助を妨げない保障し、緊急に責任能力の欠点に演説することをSPDCがすぐにことは命令的である。 供給のコミュニティはAyeyarwadyのデルタの生命を救うための努力のより広い人権そして支配の問題を扱うべきである
‘Mercy Fleet’ Surrenders to Than Shwe’s Iron Will , Than Shweの鉄への慈悲の艦隊の降伏は
The US has ordered its four Pacific fleet warships, packed with supplies for Burma’s cyclone survivors, to end their fruitless wait for permission from the Burmese junta to join in the international relief mission.
米国はビルマのサイクロンの生存者のために国際的な救助の代表団で参加するビルマの会議からの許可のための彼らの無益な待ち時間を終えるために供給と詰まる4隻の太平洋艦隊の軍艦を、発注した
The ships, headed by the aircraft carrier USS Essex, will head for neighboring Thailand from the position they have been maintaining for the past three weeks in international waters off the Burmese coast, the Pacific fleet commander, Adm Timothy J Keating, announced.
航空母艦USS Essexによって先頭に立たれた船はずっとビルマの海岸の沖で国際水域の過去の3週の間維持している位置からの近隣のタイに向かう、Adm Timothy J Keating、太平洋艦隊の司令官は発表した
USS Essex, center, and the Essex Amphibious Ready Group steam in formation, in the Andaman Sea. The US military ordered the navy ships loaded with relief aid off Burma's coast to leave the area Thursday after Burma's junta refused to give them permission to help survivors of last month's devastating cyclone. (Photo: AP/US Navy)
USS Essex, center, and the Essex Amphibious Ready Group steam in formation, in the Andaman Sea. The US military ordered the navy ships loaded with relief aid off Burma's coast to leave the area Thursday after Burma's junta refused to give them permission to help survivors of last month's devastating cyclone. (Photo: AP/US Navy)
In a press statement released at the US air base in Utaphao, Thailand, Keating said: “I am both saddened and frustrated to know that we have been in a position to help ease the suffering of hundreds of thousands of people and help mitigate further loss of life, but have been unable to do so because of the unrelenting position of the Burmese military junta.”
出版物では声明はUtaphaoの米国の航空基地で解放したと、タイ、Keatingは言った
私は私達が数十万人の人々の苦労を楽にし、それ以上の生命の損失の軽減を助けるのを助けるべき位置にあったがずっとビルマの軍の会議の容赦ない位置のためにそうしてない」。くすみ、失望することを知るために
Keating said he and American officials had made at least 15 attempts to persuade the Burmese regime to allow the US ships, helicopters and landing craft to carry relief supplies to the cyclone victims—“but they have refused us each and every time. It is time for the USS Essex group to move on to its next mission
Keatingは米国の船、ヘリコプターおよび着陸飛行機がサイクロンの犠牲者に救助の供給を運ぶように彼およびアメリカの役人がビルマの政体を説得する少なくとも15の試みを試みたことを言った.しかし彼らは私達をいつも断ったあることが。 それはである次の代表団に進むUSS Essexのグループの時間」。
The US ships, carrying more than 5,000 military personnel, including marines, had been taking part in a naval exercise in Thai waters before being ordered to join in the international effort to take relief supplies to cyclone survivors in the Irrawaddy delta and Rangoon Division.
5,000人以上の軍人を、海兵隊員を含んで運ぶ米国の船はタイ水の海軍練習にラングーンのIrrawaddyのずっとデルタおよび部分のサイクロンの生存者に救助の供給を持って行くための国際的な努力で結合するべき命令される前に加わって.
Multimedia (View)
The US “mercy fleet” of four vessels also carried 22 helicopters, including aircraft capable of heavy loads, and four landing craft.
米国4つの容器の「慈悲艦隊」のまた重負荷および4着陸飛行機が可能な航空機を含む22のヘリコプターを、運んだ
A French ship that also joined the seaborne relief mission shortly after the cyclone hit sailed for Thailand last week and unloaded their supplies at the holiday island of Phuket.
サイクロン衝突がタイのために先週航海し、プーケットの休日の島で供給を荷を下したら後間もなくしてまた舶来の救助の代表団を結合したフランスの船
The US and French readiness to bring aid to cyclone victims within hours of receiving orders to do so sparked a debate in the highest government, diplomatic and academic circles over the legality and advisability of launching a unilateral humanitarian intervention, over the opposition of the Burmese regime and its allies.
するために受け入れ順序の時間内のサイクロンの犠牲者に援助を持って来る米国およびフランスの準備はそうビルマの政体および同盟国の反対についての一方的な人道主義の介在の進水の合法性そして得策についての最も高い政府の、外交および学界の討論を、スパークさせた。
Michael Charney, of the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies, said the US was reluctant to anger countries like China and India, who were not only allies of Burma but eyed that country’s natural resources.
米国が同盟国だけビルマのだったしかし注目されたこと国の天然資源ことを中国およびインドのような国を怒らせて好まなかったオリエンタルおよびアフリカ人の調査の学校ロンドン大学のミハエルCharneyは、言った。
“Beijing’s happiness is much more important to US political leaders than the wellbeing of Burmese villagers,” Charney said.
北京の幸福はビルマの村民の福利より米国の政治指導者にとってはるかに重要である。Charneyは言った。
Even if the US had wanted to act unilaterally to help the cyclone victims, it would have been unable to do so because its military resources were already overcommitted, particularly in Iraq and Afghanistan, Charney said. “It could not handle yet another military crisis, one so far from the Persian Gulf.”
サイクロンの犠牲者を助けるために米国は一方的に機能したいと思った持っていても軍資源が既にovercommittedのでそうすることはなかろうだろう、特にイラクおよびアフガニスタンで.Charneyは言った.それは更に別の軍事的危機、ペルシャ湾からずいぶん遠くの1を扱うことができなかった
Charneyはまた危険にさらされた米国を言い怒らせる支配する会議のすべての[ASEAN]最近の批評のための東南アジアの国家の連合のビルマのパートナーを、「」。
Mikael Gravers, an expert on Burma at Aarhus University in Denmark, commented:
“Humanitarian intervention is a very difficult question. If relief and military actions are combined there is risk of combining a military conflict and a post-disaster situation and thus increasing human suffering.”
ミカエルの彫刻刀、コメントされるデンマークのオルフス大学のビルマの専門家: 「人道主義の介在は非常に困難な質問である。 救助および軍事活動が結合されればある軍事衝突およびポスト災害の状態を結合し、こうして人間の苦労を高める危険が」。
Kyaw Zaw, a Burmese graduate of the London School of Economics and Political Science, said if western forces became involved in any military move to topple the Burmese’s regime it would result in “a nightmare scenario.” Western democracies, anyway, had no strategy for regime change in Burma.
西部力がによって「悪夢のシナリオで」。起因するビルマ人の政体をぐらつかせるあらゆる軍移動で複雑になったかどうかKyaw Zawの経済学および政治学のロンドンの学校のビルマの卒業生は、言った とにかく西部の民主主義にビルマの政体の変更のための作戦がなかった。
Burma lacked material assets that might attract potential western invaders, Kyaw Zaw said.
“What are the most attractive assets we have left? The only attractive asset is natural gas and that’s been ear-marked already by the Chinese and Thais. This isn’t Iraq or Iran.
ビルマは潜在的な西部の侵略者を引き付けるかもしれない有形資産にKyaw Zaw言った欠けていた。「私達が残した魅力的な資産は何であるか。 唯一の魅力的な資産は天燃ガスであり、それは中国人およびThaisによって既に指定される。 これはイラクまたはイランではない。
Some Burmese commentators say the very presence of US warships off the Burmese coast might have brought some pressure on the regime. They point to junta leader Snr-Gen Than Shwe’s assurance to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that international aid workers would be allowed access to cyclone survivors, although the general appears to be retreating from that promise.
何人かのビルマの解説者はビルマの海岸の沖の米国の軍艦のまさに存在が政体の圧力を持って来るかもしれないことを言う彼らは国連事務総長をBan Ki-moon会議のリーダーの保証を大将がその約束から退くようであるが国際的な援助の労働者がサイクロンの生存者へのアクセスを与えられること指す
Discussion in the west was anyway moving away from the cyclone crisis to Burma’s longer term problems, such as the sham referendum and constitution, the worst since the Japanese-imposed one of 1943, said Michael Charney.
とにかく西の議論はサイクロンの危機から偽りの国民投票のようなビルマのより長期的な問題に、移って、憲法、1943年の日本課されたもの以来の最も悪いのは、ミハエルCharneyを言った。
Copyright © 2008 Irrawaddy Publishing Group | www.irrawaddy.org
版権の©の2008年のIrrawaddyの出版グループ | www.irrawaddy.org
Monday, June 2, 2008
My point of view on national referendum(ဆႏၵခံယူပဲြအေပၚသုံးသပ္ခ်က္အက်ည္းခ်ဳပ္)
မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္နဲ ့ လူေတြ အမ်ားႀကီးေသျပီး ဒုကၡေရာက္
ေနခ်ိန္မွာေတာင္ကယ္ဆယ္ေရးမလုပ္ဘဲ ဆႏၵခံယူပဲြကို
ဆက္လုပ္သြားတဲ့ စစ္အာဏာရွင္ေတြကိုလူထုကဘယ္
လိုေထာက္ခံမွာလဲ၊(အစအဆုံးဖတ္ရန္-ေခါင္းစဥ္ကိုကလစ္ေခါက္ပါ)
Phone Hlaing-FWUBC said...
မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္နဲ ့ လူေတြ အမ်ားႀကီးေသျပီး ဒုကၡေရာက္
ေနခ်ိန္မွာေတာင္ကယ္ဆယ္ေရးမလုပ္ဘဲ ဆႏၵခံယူပဲြကို
ဆက္လုပ္သြားတဲ့ စစ္အာဏာရွင္ေတြကိုလူထုကဘယ္
လိုေထာက္ခံမွာလဲ၊ ဒီမဲစာရင္းေတြဟာ ႀကိဳတင္ျပင္ဆင္
ထားျပီးသားေတြ ပါ။ျပီးေတာ့ဒီဖဲြ ့စည္းပုံအသစ္ထဲမွာအ
မ်ိဳးသားကာကြယ္ေရးနဲ ့လုံျခံဳေရးေကာင္စီဆိုတာပါတယ္
ဒီေကာင္စီမွာေကာ္မတီ၀င္၁၁ဦးပါျပီး၆ဦးဟာစစ္တပ္က
ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ျပီးေတာ့ဒီေကာင္စီဟာအေရးေပၚအေျခအ
ေျခအေနေႀကျငာခြင့္ရိွျပီးစစ္တပ္အေနနဲ ့လည္းအခ်ိန္မ
ေရြးအာဏာသိမ္းလို ့ရေအာင္တရား၀င္ခြင့္ျပဳထားပါ
တယ္ ဒါေႀကာင့္ဒီဖဲြ့စည္းပုံဟာမတရားတဲ့ဖဲြစည္းပံုျဖစ္
တယ္လို ့ေရဘူယအားျဖင့္ အႀကမ္းေျပာလို ပါတယ္
ဒါေႀကာင့္ အရင္ကတရားမ၀င္စစ္ေကာင္စီ နအဖ ဟာ
ဒီဖဲြစည္းပုံအရ တရား၀င္စစ္ေကာင္စီျဖစ္ျပီးရာသက္ပန္
ဆက္လက္တည္ရိွနိုင္ေအာင္ေခါင္းေကာင္းေကာင္းနဲ ့
စဥ္းစားျပီးသူတို ့စိတ္တိုင္းက်ဆဲြထားတာပါ။ စစ္ေခါင္း
ေဆာင္ေတြအတြက္သာေကာင္းတာပါ။ စစ္တပ္ကို
မမုန္းပါဘူး နိုင္ငံေတာ္ကိုကာကြယ္ဖို ့အသက္ကိုေပး
ထားတဲ့တပ္မေတာ္သားတိုင္းကိုေလးစားပါတယ္ ။ ဒီေန
ရာမွာ နုိင္ငံေတာ္ဆိုတာျပည္သူလူထုကိုဆိုလိုပါတယ္။
ျပည္သူလူထုကိုကာကြယ္မွသာျပည္သူ ့တပ္မေတာ္ျဖစ္
မွာပါ။ ျပည္သူေတြမုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ခံရျပီးဒုကၡေရာက္ေနခ်ိန္
မွာတပ္မေတာ္သားေတြဘယ္ေရာက္ေနလဲမသိဘူးေနာ္
ဒါေပမဲ့ စစ္တပ္ဆိုတာအထက္အမိန္ ့ကိုတေသြမသိမ္း
နာခံရပါတယ္ ျပန္လွန္ေမးခြန္းထုတ္ပိုင္ခြင့္မရိွပါဘူး၊
ဒါေႀကာင့္တပ္မေတာ္သားေတြဆႏၵျပျပည္သူေတြကို
နိွမ္နင္းဖို ့သတ္ျဖတ္ဖို ့ေတာ့ ခ်က္ျခင္းထြက္လာျပီး
ေလေဘးဒုကၡသယ္ေတြကိုကူညီဖို ့မထြက္လာတာဟာ
အထက္အမိန္ ့အရမို ့လို ့ ေအာက္ေျခကရဲေဘာ္အဆင့္
ေတြကိုနားလည္ေပးနိုင္ပါတယ္။ က်ြန္ေတာ္ဆိုလိုခ်င္တာ
ကစစ္တပ္မွာအမိန္ ့ေပးသူေခါင္းေဆာင္ဟာ အမိန္ ့ေပး
ရံုနဲ ့မျပီးပါဘူး ကိုယ္ေပးတဲ့ အမိန္ ့ ကို ကုိုယ္တာ၀န္ယူ
ရပါတယ္။ ငါခိုင္းတဲ့ အတိုင္းလုပ္ဒါေဘမဲ့ျပႆနာျဖစ္
လာရင္ငါတာ၀န္မယူနိုင္ဘူးဆိုရင္အဲ့ဒီစစ္တပ္ဟာ
ပ်က္ပါျပီ။ဒါေႀကာင့္ျမန္မာျပည္မွာစစ္တပ္ကေအာက္ေျခ
မွာလုပ္ေနတာေတြအားလုံးဟာ အထက္ကအဆင့္ဆင့္
ေသာစစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္အသီးသီးမွာတာ၀န္ရိွပါတယ္၊
တာ၀န္ယူရပါမယ္။ ဆႏၵခံယူပဲြအေႀကာင္းေျပာရင္း
ေလေဘးဒုကၡသယ္ေတြဆီေရာက္သြားတာဟာ
မဆီမဆိုင္ေတာင္စဥ္ေရမရေလ်ွာက္ေရးေနတာမဟုတ္ပါဘူးဆက္စပ္ေနလို ့ပါ။ လူထုကိုေစာင့္ေရွာက္ဖို ့ ကာ
ကြယ္ဖို ့ပ်က္ကြက္ျပီး လူထုကိုဖိနွပ္ျပီးလက္နက္အား
ကိုးနဲ ့ကိုယ္ထင္ရာစိုင္းေနတဲ့ စစ္ေခါ္င္းေဆာင္ေတြရာ
သက္ပန္အာဏာတရား၀င္ယူသြားဖို ့လမ္းဖြင့္ထားတဲ့ဒီ
ဖဲြစည္းပုံသစ္ကိုဘယ္လိုမွမေထာက္ခံနိုင္ပါ ဘူး။
ေထာက္ခံတဲ့ အုပ္စုနဲ ့ ကန္ ့ကြက္တဲ့အုပ္စု ဆိုေပမဲ့
ဒီဖဲြ ့စည္းပုံသစ္ကျဖစ္ထြန္းလာမယ့္အက်ိဳးရလာဒ္
ကိုခံစားႀကရမွာကေတာ့ အားလုံးအတူတူဘာဘဲ(နအဖ
စစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြနဲ ့အဆင္ေျပေအာင္ေပါင္းျပီးေ၀စားမ်ွစားလုပ္ေနတဲ့လူေတြကလဲြရင္ေပါ့ေနာ္)က်န္တာက
ေတာ့ ေငြေရာင္ပိတ္ကားေပၚမွာဆက္ႀကည့္ႀကတာေပါ့။ ၀င္ျပီးေ၀ဖန္ခြင့္ ရတဲ့အတြက္ေက်းဇူးအမ်ားႀကီးတင္ပါ
တယ္ခင္ဗ်ား
June 1, 2008 11:27 AM
(ပေတာက္ေျမဘေလာက္မွာက်ြန္ေတာ္ေရးထားခဲ့တဲ့ေ၀ဖန္ခ်က္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေအာက္မွ Link ထည့္ေပးထားပါတယ္ တျခားသူေတြရ့ဲ
သေဘာထားေတြကိုလည္းဖတ္ႀကည့္နိုင္ပါတယ္။ တခုဘဲ ေတာင္းပန္ခ်င္တာက သြားေတာ့မဆဲလိုက္ႀကပါနဲ ့ သူတို ့အျမင္နဲ ့ကိုယ့္
အျမင္ဖလွယ္ႀကတာပါ။ မသိနားမလည္တဲ့ လူေတြကိုနားလယ္ေအာင္ရွင္းျပဖို ့လို ုပါတယ္ သိရဲ့သားနဲ ့မသိခ်င္ေရာင္ေဆာင္ေနရင္ေတာ ့မတတ္နိုင္ဘူးေပါ့၊ အိပ္ခ်င္ေယာင္ေဆာင္တဲ့သူနိွဳးရခက္ပါတယ္၊
ေလးစားစြာျဖင့္-
ဘုန္းလိွဳင္-FWUBC
http://padaukmyay.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_4850.html
Tuesday, May 27, 2008
Burma extends Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest,ビルマはAung San Suu Kyiの自宅軟禁を拡張する
Burma extends Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest.
ビルマはAung San Suu Kyiの自宅軟禁を拡張する
Tuesday, May 27, 2008
Burma's military rulers have extended the house arrest of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi.
The 62-year-old leader of the National League for Democracy has spent more than 12 of the past 18 years under house arrest.
The NLD won national elections in 1990, but was prevented from taking power by the military, which has been ruling the country ever since.
Around 20 activists from the party were arrested in Rangoon this morning during a march to Suu Kyi's lakeside villa.
2008年5月27日火曜日 Burma' sの軍の定規は民主化のリーダーAung San Suu Kyiの自宅軟禁を拡張した。 民主主義のための国民リーグの62歳のリーダーは自宅軟禁の下で過去の18年の以上12使った。 NLDは1990年に国政選挙に勝ったが、力の取得からずっと国をその後支配している軍隊によって防がれた。 党からのおよそ20人の運動家はSuu Kyi'への行進の間にラングーンで今朝阻止された; sの湖畔の別荘。
Tens of thousands killed in Myanmar cyclone - Yahoo! News Photos
Tens of thousands killed in Myanmar cyclone - Yahoo! News Photos: "Tens of thousands killed in Myanmar cyclone"
Burma (Myanmar) dodges a bullet ,ビルマ(ミャンマー)は弾丸を避ける
The outside world finally made its point, perhaps at the barrel of a gun. Burma's leader has agreed to let in foreign aid workers – mainly Asian – to help save 2 million people left vulnerable after the May 3 cyclone. But did Gen. Than Shwe partly relent under rising threats of an "aid invasion"?
The answer, if it can ever be known, will be critical to a difficult question only recently put before the global community: Should a country be invaded if its government does not protect its people from massive harm?
That idea, known as "responsibility to protect," was endorsed by the United Nations in 2005, a decade after it failed to prevent the Rwanda genocide. The notion is that no country, in this increasingly borderless world, is an island, entire of itself.
This month, the doctrine, which in theory would allow breaking once-inviolate national sovereignty to prevent large-scale tragedy, was cited by France in a call for armed intervention in Burma. At least 78,000 people perished during the cyclone, but many more now face a perilous future without direct foreign aid – which Burma's reclusive and cruel junta had opposed for nearly three weeks.
It helped France's case that the US Navy stood ready off Burma's coast to launch aid into the hard-hit Irrawaddy Delta, and that the Navy had assisted Indonesia's recovery after its 2004 tsunami.
But China, along with other nondemocratic nations, blocked France's efforts at the UN, just as it impeded serious intervention in Darfur. (Authoritarian leaders find sovereignty a useful shield to protect their own ruthless rule.) China then may have advised its allies in Burma (also called Myanmar) to avoid a coercive intervention and to accept foreign help.
It is possible, then, that the mere existence of this UN doctrine could have achieved limited success in bringing relief to the destitute in Burma's ravaged delta.
But that hardly clears up doubts and dilemmas that hang over this new and largely unrefined idea in global governance.
How, for instance, would a French or US force have delivered aid while also fighting Burma's 428,000-man military? Would France or any European nation really risk lives for such a cause – as the US did in 1992 for Somalia's famine? During the 1990s, Europe had to be pushed by the US to use military might to save Bosnia and Kosovo from Serbia's atrocities.
And if Burma, then why not Zimbabwe, with its political violence and hunger? Or North Korea, which faces a famine?
Defining the scale of an atrocity that justifies an invasion, and then the effective means to achieve it, has not yet been done by the UN. Without that, uneven use of the doctrine would erode its chances of being used for the most egregious atrocities. Then the very apathy that it is meant to end may only rise. Dictators would see a green light to commit inhumane acts.
At root, "responsibility to protect" is an assertion of individual rights over states' rights. A state is legitimate only if it protects its citizens and, failing that, it faces the possibility of its citizens asking for protection from others.
Burma came close to that point. Because of this doctrine, the world, however feebly, has staked a new claim for human rights.
外の世界は銃のバレルで最終的にポイントを、多分作った。 Burma' sのリーダーは-対外援助の労働者-主にアジア人残っている5月3日のサイクロンの後で傷つきやすい2百万人を除けば助けるために受信することを同意した。 しかしShweが"の上昇の脅威の下で部分的に寛大になるよりGen.をした; 援助のinvasion"か。 広告 それが知っていることができれば答えは最近全体的なコミュニティの前だけに置かれた困難な質問に重大である: 政府が大きい害から人々を保護しなければ国は侵入されるべきであるか。 "として知られているその考え; 保護する責任" 裏書きされたそれの後で2005年に国際連合によって、十年ルワンダの集団虐殺を防がなかった。 概念は、それ自身の全体国が、このますますボーダレスな世界で、島ではないことである。 この月、大規模な悲劇を防ぐために理論で固く守られた国民の主権を壊すことを割り当てる主義はビルマの武装した介在のための呼出しのフランスによって引用された。 少なくとも78,000人はサイクロンの間に死んだが、多くはBurma'なしで今危い未来に直接対外援助直面する; sの孤立した、残酷な会議はほぼ3週間反対した。 それはFrance'を助けた; 米国海軍がBurma'を離れて準備ができている立ったことsの場合; Irrawaddyの激しく攻撃されたデルタに援助を進水させるsの海岸およびそれは海軍Indonesia'を助けた; 2004年の津波の後のsの回復。 しかし中国は、他の非民主主義の国家と共に、France'を妨げた; ちょうどDarfurの深刻な介在を妨害したように、国連のsの努力。 (彼らの自身の無慈悲な規則を保護すると独裁主義的なリーダーは主権が有用な盾見つける。) 中国はそれからビルマの同盟国に(またミャンマーと呼ばれる)強制的な介在を避け、外国の助けを受け入れるように助言するかもしれない。 それはこの国連主義のただの存在がBurma'ことをの貧困のに救助を持って来ることのある程度の成功を達成したかもしれないこと、可能、そしてである; sはデルタを破壊した。 しかしそれはほとんど全体的な支配のこの新しく、主として精製されていない考えに掛かるジレンマおよび疑いを片付けない。 、例えば、フランス人か米国軍は援助をいかに提供しようまたBurma'を戦っている間; sの428,000人の軍隊か。 フランスまたはどのヨーロッパの国家の実際に危険でも米国がSomalia'のためにのための1992年にしたそのような原因住んでいる; s飢饉か。 90年代の間に軍隊を使用するために、ヨーロッパはSerbia'から米国によってボスニアおよびコソボを救うかもしれない押されなければならなかった; sの残虐行為。 そしてビルマなら、そして政治暴力および空腹のなぜないジンバブエ、か。 または飢饉に直面する北朝鮮、か。 それを達成する侵入および有効な平均を正当化する残虐行為のスケールを定義することは国連によってまだされていない。 そのなしで、主義の不均等な使用は最も言語道断な残虐行為のための使用のチャンスを腐食させる。 それから終えることを意味するまさに無感動はただ上がるかもしれない。 独裁者は不人情な行為を託すために緑色航法燈を見る。 根、" protect"への責任; states'上の個人の権利の主張はある; 権利。 状態は市民および保護するときだけ正当であり、それを、それを直面する他からの保護を頼んでいる市民の可能性に失敗する。 ビルマはそのポイントの近くに来た。 このような理由で主義、世界は、どんなに微弱に、人権のための新しい要求を杭で囲った。
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